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Acids are substances turn litmus paper red and have a pH of less than 7. Alkalis are substances that turn litmus paper blue and have a pH more than 7.

All living things make more of themselves by reproduction. Fertilization Fertilization is the fusion of the male and female cell nuclei to form a zygote. Adaptations of male and female gametes for fertilization Sperm cells have these adaptations:

Energy from food Energy is measured in Joules. We get energy from food. Energy in foods is measured in kiloJoules. It is also measured in kilo Calories. 1 kCal = 4 kJ Different people have different energy requirements per day:

Matter mainly exists as a mixture. A mixture is made up of two or more components physically intermixed. 75% of the Earth is water in which many different substances can dissolve making it become a solution

A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells of the same type make a tissue. Different tissues make up an organ. Different organs work together in organ systems. Many organ systems make up a living thing – an organism.